Federation of Authors in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Inc.
FACCI Research Journal is a double blind peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Federation of Authors in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Inc. (FACCI). It serves as a scholarly platform for the dissemination of research, innovations, and evidence-based studies in criminology, criminal justice, public safety, law enforcement, corrections, forensic science, and related disciplines. The journal is published biannually and aims to uphold rigorous academic and ethical standards in research publication. The journal's content includes original research articles, empirical studies, policy analyses, case studies, and scholarly discussions that contribute to the advancement of criminology and criminal justice education and practice. It provides opportunities for researchers, educators, practitioners, and students to share knowledge, generate evidence for policy and practice, and enrich the body of local and international criminological literature. FACCI Journal functions as a vehicle for transforming research into knowledge that informs education, policy, and professional practice while fostering a culture of scholarly inquiry and publication within the criminology and criminal justice community.
The Mediating Effect of Adversity Response on the Relationship Between Organizational Climate and Service Quality in the Implementation of Human Rights-Based Policing
Human Rights-Based Policing (HRBP) is arduous, challenging, and complex. The purpose of the study was to determine the mediating effect of adversity response on the relationship between organizational climate and service quality of police officers in the implementation of human rights-based policing. The respondents of this study were the 948 police officers from Police Regional Office XI selected through a complete enumeration sampling technique. Three adapted instruments were used to gather the data from the respondents. The tools used in analyzing the data were Mean, Pearson r, Regression, and Medgraph using Sobel z-test. Results showed that police officers in Southern Mindanao posted a high level of organizational climate, a moderate level of adversity response, and a high level of service quality. Findings also revealed a significant relationship between organizational climate and service quality. However, between adversity response and service quality, the two variables show no significant relationship. Further, it was found that adversity response significantly mediates the relationship between organizational climate and service quality of police officers in implementing human rights-based policing in Southern Mindanao.
Awareness Level of Baguio City Public Market Vendors in Identifying Counterfeit Paper Bills
Baguio City is a popular tourist spot whereby money circulates faster than vendors can verify the genuineness of paper bills. The objectives of this study included the assessment of the awareness level of the Baguio City public market vendors on the features of counterfeit money and the identification of factors affecting this measure. Pearson’s chi-square test was conducted, revealing that participants were equally unaware of the six visible security features. Out of the 480 expected correct number of answers, only 241 were reached by the participants. The most known feature was the watermark, and the least observed security feature was the security fiber. Participants were unfamiliar with the minimum and maximum digits on a serial number. There were also trends implying that there still needs to be briefing regarding the optically variable device (OVD) patch between the old and new (polymer) 1000-peso bills. Several prominent themes emerged in relation to the interviewee’s awareness of the visible security features on the Philippine peso bills, including heavier reliance on texture characteristics, limited access to money detection technologies, non-participation in related trainings and seminars, and the fast-paced nature of the market. Selective inspection of higher denominations was also a factor because participants were only wary of higher denominations like 500- and 1000-peso bills. Lastly, the participants expressed that fear of financial loss associated with the acceptance of fake paper bills could have influenced their awareness level as well, considering that such fear drove them to be more attentive to visual features...
The Lived Experiences of Mothers Working as Firefighters in Baguio City
A stunning and amazing shift is occurring in the usually male-dominated realm of firefighting. Mothers are entering fire stations as they navigate a tough profession while also managing the extremely demanding duty of parenthood. These women exemplify the essence of courage, perseverance, and compassion. This study looks into the experiences of mothers who work as firefighters in Baguio City. Highlighting the delicate balance they must strike between their demanding job and their roles as mothers. The study’s main objective is to explore their challenges as mother firefighters and to identify their strategies and coping mechanisms as a mother working as a firefighter. This study has used a qualitative research method through an interpretative phenomenological research design. The key informants of this research were six (6) mother firefighters aged 25-35 at Baguio City Fire Station. The data-gathering tool used was an interview guide constructed by the researchers. The gathered data were processed using thematic analysis, producing a theme that corresponds to the experience of the mother firefighter. The research uncovered that mother firefighters encounter distinct challenges in harmonizing their roles as both parents and public servants. The findings highlight challenges for mother firefighters: managing responsibilities, nurturing relationships, handling stress, and time management. Balancing roles and relationships, dealing with mental stress, and prioritizing tasks emerged as significant challenges...
A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty with Special Needs
This study explored the lived experiences of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) with special needs in BJMP-manned jails, focusing on senior citizens, PDLs with disabilities, and sick PDLs. It aimed to investigate their distinct experiences and significant hardships, providing recommendations for improving their conditions and treatment. A qualitative research design was employed, specifically using a narrative phenomenological approach. The researcher used purposive sampling to select 15 male and 15 female PDLs, with five from each of the three categories. Data was gathered primarily through interviews and confirmed through focus group discussions to clarify responses. PDL with special needs in prison experience significant physical, emotional, and social challenges due to gaps in treatment and care, including inadequate medical attention and the absence of specialized services. They often feel forgotten and isolated, compounded by the prison environment that does not account for their unique needs and treats them the same as younger inmates. The study underscores the pressing need for comprehensive reforms in correctional facilities to address the substantial challenges faced by Persons Deprived of Liberty with special needs. These challenges, ranging from accessibility barriers to emotional distress, have a profound impact on their well-being and daily lives, leading to feelings of neglect and discrimination. Despite these challenges, PDL with special needs recognizes that personal growth and self-improvement start from within, regardless of age or circumstances. They have learned important lessons about self-reliance, faith, adaptation, resilience, and respect. These teachings support their capacity to overcome hardship and promote personal development...
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Work Motivation and Attitude of Criminology Students
This study aimed to evaluate the levels of work motivation and work attitude among criminology intern students, considering variables such as sex, category (officer or non-officer, and type of school (public or private). Using a quantitative descriptive research design, data were collected from 100 criminology interns via a structured survey. The findings revealed that criminology interns exhibited very high levels of both work motivation and work attitude, regardless of their sex, category, or type of school. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and Pearson correlations, indicated no significant differences in motivation and attitude across groups. However, a significant relationship was found between work motivation and work attitudes. Based on the study’s findings, a proposed enhancement plan was created to support the continued development of criminology interns. The study found that sex, student category, and school type did not significantly affect motivation and attitude levels among criminology interns. These findings underscore the significance of maintaining and enhancing high levels of motivation and attitude through customized educational and training programs, contributing to the overall effectiveness and readiness of future law enforcement professionals.
Unraveling the Journey: An In-Depth Qualitative Exploration of Terminated Probationers’ Perspectives within Therapeutic Community Settings
One universally recognized objective of corrections, whether carried out in institutions or through non-custodial measures, is the reintegration of offenders into their communities and societies. Despite supportive environments, stigmatization and limited support networks hinder their progress; hence, there is a need to support offenders in their reconciliation with their families and reintegration into the community to ensure they recover their part and role in society. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of terminated probationers in a therapeutic community in Bacolod City, Philippines. It utilizes a qualitative approach to data collection and a phenomenological research design. Seven terminated probationers volunteered to participate in the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions during the data collection process on January 19-23, 2024. Colaizzi’s method guided the analysis process. As a result, five themes were formulated: (1) Behavioral Adjustments to Uphold Probation Policies amid Social Stigma, (2) Psychological Impact of Past Offenses and Probation Conditions, (3) Transformation Through Probation Programs, (4) Faith as a Source of Resilience, and (5) Underutilization of Vocational Programs. The problems encountered by terminated probationers in the therapeutic community involve significant anxiety and pressure associated with meeting probation demands, highlighting the punitive nature of probation and the persistent fear of recidivism. Expressions of feeling judged by society due to their criminal pasts are shared among participants, leading to emotional pain and self-doubt. While participants encounter hurdles in applying newfound knowledge, this underscores the need for comprehensive support in skill development and adaptation to foster personal growth and rehabilitation.
Redesigning Safety: A Study on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Awareness in Barangay 38 and Among Bacolod’s Law Enforcers
CPTED provides a proactive strategy for reducing crime by shaping the physical environment to deter criminal behavior. Despite its established international application, awareness, and implementation, in the Philippines, it remains limited. This study addresses this gap by assessing and comparing CPTED awareness among 100 residents of Barangay 38 and 53 police officers from the Bacolod City Police Office. Using a descriptive-comparative quantitative research design and validated instruments, awareness was measured across four CPTED principles: Natural Surveillance, Natural Access Control, Territorial Reinforcement, and Maintenance and Management. Data analysis used mean scores, frequency distributions, and the Mann-Whitney U test to examine differences across demographic variables. Findings revealed generally high awareness in both groups, with Natural Surveillance consistently scoring highest. However, both groups exhibited low awareness in Maintenance and Management — a crucial yet often neglected CPTED component. Notably, awareness levels among police officers varied significantly by age, sex, and length of service, whereas only age influenced differences in awareness among residents. These findings underscore the importance of targeted educational initiatives. The study recommends intensified community information drives and refresher courses for police personnel, with a focus on overlooked areas such as Maintenance and Management. The use of localized languages and digital platforms is encouraged to reach diverse audiences effectively. Furthermore, implementing CPTED demonstration projects in Barangay 38 could visually reinforce practical applications. These efforts aim to foster safer, well-managed communities in Bacolod City by bridging gaps in local awareness and advancing CPTED-informed crime-prevention strategies.
Rehabilitation Program: A Deterrence to Reoffending
This study examines the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in deterring re-offending and promoting successful reintegration of former inmates into society. The research focused on the experiences of nine male participants who were released from the Ifugao District Jail (IDJ) in the Philippines, utilizing one-on-one interviews and thematic analysis. The findings highlight the significance of religious and livelihood programs in the rehabilitation process. The religious program was found to provide participants with peace of mind, contribute to personal growth by reducing harmful behaviors like excessive drinking, and foster a deeper relationship with God. The livelihood programs improved qualifications by providing skills, knowledge, and certifications, and instilled discipline. The study also explored the application of these skills post-release. The religious program helped participants develop self-control and maintain their spiritual practices. However, despite skills gained from the livelihood program, participants faced challenges including a lack of raw materials and insufficient income. This resulted in participants being unable to fully utilize their acquired skills. The study concludes that while rehabilitation programs at IDJ positively impacted the participants by providing valuable skills and knowledge, there are challenges to the application of these skills upon release. The study suggests that scarce resources and incomplete skill mastery hinder successful reintegration and may contribute to reoffending. The study recommends that policymakers and institutions should focus on improving skill translation and providing economic stability for released individuals.
Field Training Exercise of the National Capital Region Training Center: An Assessment
This research evaluates the effectiveness of the Field Training Exercise (FTX) of the Regional Special Unit-National Capital Region (RSTU-NCR) within the Philippine National Police (PNP). The study aims to assess the attainment of objectives in the Patrol, Traffic, and Investigation phases, as perceived by various respondent groups, including PSBRC graduates, Field Training Officers, and RSTU-NCR personnel. Utilizing a structured evaluation approach, the research highlights the proficiency and competency of trainees across these key areas, focusing on their development in patrol skills, traffic management, and investigative procedures.The findings reveal a generally positive assessment of the FTX program. In the Patrol Phase, trainees showed significant progress in essential patrol skills, adherence to procedures, and proficiency in radio operations, with a median score of 3.84. The Traffic Phase, although slightly less appreciated, demonstrated a solid grasp of traffic-related knowledge and skills, achieving a median score of 3.66. The Investigation Phase saw high confidence in tasks such as crime scene management and report writing, reflected in a median score of 3.79.The study found no significant differences in the perceived attainment of objectives across the three phases among different respondent groups. Furthermore, the importance of the program of instruction was unanimously recognized, with high median scores indicating the critical role of comprehensive training in developing essential law enforcement skills. Compliance by Field Training Officers (FTOs) with FTX procedures was consistently high across all phases, ensuring the effective and efficient discharge of duties...
Palawan Papilionidae Smuggling as malum prohibitum: A biogeography Approach on Endemic Butterflies and Review of Philippine Penal Jurisprudence
Six species and subspecies of Papilionidae (birdwings and swallowtails) were classified as native and endemic to Palawan. By introspection on the generated maps, it can be observed how the main species range of the following Palawan Papilionidae, (i) Papilio helenus palawanicus, (ii) Achillides karna irauna, and (iii) Papilio palinurus angustatus. is within the Sundaic archipelago. It is critical to recognize that the heterogenous topography of Palawan has led to the conception of microhabitats which may facilitate in the process of speciation. Such terrains have conceptualized Palawan as a cradle of endemism and biodiversity within the Indo-Malayan biogeographic realm. The following study is anchored on Thomas Huxley’s argument how Palawan exists as a northward extension of the Wallace Line resulting to species divergence. The high endemicity rate of Palawan has framed its vicinity as a potential target for wildlife smugglers--- particularly for individuals who sought advantage in the growing hobby of butterfly collection whose value is based on rarity. Under Philippine jurisprudence, smuggling has been understood as malum prohibitum--- mere possession of an unlicensed good is already punishable regardless the presence or absence of criminal intent. Seven Supreme Court decisions were pooled using convenience sampling during the time periods of the American colonial government, the Marcos Sr. Administration, and post- EDSA 1 arrangements. Results suggest how smuggling during the American colonial government and early years of the Marcos Sr. administration geared on illegal opium orientation while post-EDSA 1 decisions
Anti-criminality campaign program of Quezon City: Basis for enhanced community-based policing
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Anti-Criminality Campaign Program implemented by the Quezon City Police District (QCPD), specifically targeting street and petty crimes. Employing a descriptive-survey research method, the study evaluated the program’s efficacy and identified challenges encountered in its execution, including concerns from complainants, information on police personnel operation, and community partnership. The research hypothesized no significant difference in perceptions among respondent groups. Results revealed a high overall effectiveness rating of 3.41, with unanimous agreement among respondent groups regarding the program’s efficacy. While Police Officers exhibited the most positive perception (mean = 3.75), all groups recognized its effectiveness. However, statistical analysis using ANOVA unveiled significant differences in perceptions of program effectiveness among respondent groups, indicating a lack of consensus on its efficacy. Nonetheless, variations were observed in the severity of problems encountered across different areas, necessitating tailored interventions. Key challenges identified included victims’ reluctance to disclose accurate information and operational hurdles within police personnel. Environmental factors such as inadequate lighting and abandoned areas also contributed to crime opportunities. The study highlighted divergent perceptions of program challenges among respondent groups, emphasizing the need for customized interventions. Rejecting the null hypothesis underscored the imperative of addressing multifaceted challenges to enhance the program’s effectiveness. Moving forward, targeted interventions should address identified challenges to improve the program’s efficacy in combating street and petty crimes. Collaborative efforts among law enforcement agencies, barangay officials, and community leaders are essential to aligning anti-criminality efforts with community needs and enhancing program effectiveness.
Cohesive community in the digital realm: Promotion, platforms, and strategies in crime prevention
This study explores the role of digital community cohesion in crime prevention within the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines, focusing on how digital platforms, promotional efforts, and online strategies contribute to safer communities. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative methods, the research engaged 400 respondents aged 21 and above, selected based on statistical validity to ensure representativeness. The study examined perceptions of digital crime prevention efforts and the impact of socio-environmental and personal-emotional factors on digital engagement. Quantitative results revealed strong public agreement on the usefulness of social media and other digital tools in enhancing crime awareness, real-time reporting, and community mobilization. However, concerns about misinformation and credibility challenges highlight areas for improvement. ANOVA testing showed significant differences in perception across key indicators (F = 9.94, p < 0.001), emphasizing the multifaceted influence of digital platforms on public trust and participation. Qualitative analysis uncovered two dominant themes: Environmental and Social Influences (e.g., peer pressure, community disorganization) and Personal and Emotional Struggles (e.g., abandonment, attention-seeking), which affect individual engagement with digital communities. The findings suggest that while digital platforms are valuable tools for crime prevention and social cohesion, their effectiveness is moderated by trust,literacy, and emotional well-being. To maximize impact, digital strategies must be coupled with community-based interventions, ethical governance, and support systems addressing the deeper social and psychological factors that influence online behavior. This research provides a foundation for future policymaking and program development in digitally driven crime prevention efforts.
Enhancing Community-Oriented Policing through the PROTECT Box: An Evaluation of Tourism Protection, Crime Deterrence, and Public Engagement in Ilocos Norte
This study evaluated the Police Response Outpost for Traffic Enforcement and Concerns of Tourists (PROTECT) Box Project of the Ilocos Norte Police Provincial Office. It developed an information guide to strengthen its implementation. Using a mixed-methods design, the study examined respondents’ awareness of the PROTECT Box functions in tourism protection and crime deterrence, assessed perceived effectiveness, and explored the experiences of community users and police personnel assigned to the outposts. Participants included 100 tourists, residents, and barangay officials who availed of PROTECT Box services, as well as police personnel deployed in selected areas. Findings showed that respondents were highly aware of the project’s functions and rated the PROTECT Box as highly effective in promoting tourist safety, police visibility, emergency response, and crime prevention. Community experiences highlighted responsive public safety, helpful assistance, quality public engagement, and support for tourist mobility. Police personnel described their work as fulfilling and community-centered, but also marked by difficult interactions, multiple emergencies, and challenging working conditions. The study concludes that the PROTECT Box strengthens police-community relations and serves as a promising model for community-based policing. An informative flyer was developed to promote further the purpose, locations, services, and emergency hotline details for residents and visitors provincewide.
Computer Literacy and Usage in Communication of Police Personnel in the Bacolod City Police Office
The use of computers in law enforcement has advanced rapidly, especially in recent years. Researchers suggested that computers are valuable tools for communication between individuals, offices, and law enforcement agencies. Computers are employed to store information in databases, run advanced software that can recognize faces or identify fingerprints, and connect to the Web, serving as communication channels and rich sources of information. This paper aimed to evaluate the level of computer literacy using a descriptive comparative design among police officers and its application in police communication at the Bacolod City Police Office, considering factors such as age, sex, educational background, length of service, rank, and designation. The researcher assessed the officers’ literacy levels through a questionnaire that also inquired about the frequency of computer use. The researcher provided recommendations on the importance of computer literacy to the study’s main beneficiaries. A proposal will be submitted to the Bacolod City Police Office as the primary recipient of this research. Following these suggestions, the researcher developed an informed training program syllabus that the police organization could implement to enable personnel to attend training and seminars on basic computer use and applications.
Fingerprint Identification Practices among Law Enforcement Agencies: A Mixed Methods Study
This mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted to determine fingerprint identification practices among law enforcement agencies on Panay Island for the calendar year 2024-2025. The respondents for the quantitative part of the study were one hundred (100) purposively selected respondents, composed of ninety (90) PNP Investigators, eight (8) PNP fingerprint experts, and two (2) NBI fingerprint experts, classified according to their length of service and course. For the qualitative part, the participants were eight (8) fingerprint experts from the PNP and two (2) from the NBI. The findings indicated that fingerprint identification practices among law enforcement personnel were moderate in terms of length of service and degree. There was no significant difference in fingerprint identification practices among law enforcement personnel when classified by length of service and degree. Four key themes emerged in the representation of fingerprint identification practices across different law enforcement agencies, namely: use of standardized processes in fingerprint identification, use of the ACE-V method, use of methods and techniques for fingerprint comparison, and conduct of fingerprint verification. The study’s findings guided the development of an enhanced fingerprint identification training program to equip law enforcement personnel with the skills, knowledge, and competencies to improve the accuracy and efficiency of fingerprint identification processes, ensuring consistent application of best practices and enhancing their overall competency in forensic investigations.
A Phenomenological Exploration of Abused Women Finding Empowerment in Same-Sex Relationships
This phenomenological research explored the experiences of women who have faced abuse from their previous male partners and subsequently found empowerment within same-sex relationships. Using reflexive thematic analysis, the study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women, focusing on the support provided by same-sex partners, the role of these partners in the psychological well-being of survivors, and the transformations women underwent after entering same-sex relationships. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Seven abused women survivors were included as participants through purposive sampling. Findings indicate that most of the participants had experienced physical and psychological abuse, but they also highlighted the transformative impact of same-sex relationships on their healing process and empowerment. This is illustrated in three emerging themes: unconditional holistic support; the creation of a safe space for emotional expression and mental healing; and empowerment through rebuilding self-esteem, identity, self-worth, and a sense of true love. As an output of this study, a community extension service was proposed and designed to support the ongoing upliftment and empowerment of women survivors.
The Burning Bed Up Close: Lives of Victims of Domestic Violence
This study explores the lived experiences and coping mechanisms of women who were victims of domestic violence in Tacloban City, Leyte. Through a phenomenology research design, in-depth interviews were conducted. Informants reported experiencing physical, financial, and verbal abuse. Their accounts revealed the impact of these abuses on their daily lives and relationships. Coping responses varied, demonstrating individual strategies and varying levels of reliance on others for support. Five themes were identified from the data: Behind Closed Doors, Ménage of Distress, Flinching Trauma, People Need People, and Freed from Shackles. These themes represent the victims’ hidden struggles, emotional burdens, encounters with trauma, dependence on social support, and eventual steps toward liberation from abuse. The findings provide insight into how victims managed to live with and respond to domestic violence. Some resorted to silence and endurance as immediate responses, while others sought comfort from family, friends, or community members. Informants also described personal efforts such as focusing on their children, finding work, or engaging in activities that helped them cope emotionally. The themes reflect not only the severity of abuse but also the strategies victims employed to survive and slowly detach themselves from abusive environments.
Capability and Training Needs of Fire Safety Inspectors on Hazardous Materials Management
This study assesses the capability of fire safety inspectors (FSIs) in Ilocos Norte to ensure fire safety for hazardous materials. It focused on the profile of the fire safety inspector, the level of knowledge and implementation of the respondents regarding fire safety for hazardous materials, including applicability, classification of materials, wastes, and hazards of contents, permissible storage and use locations, and general requirements, and correlated it with their profile. Eighty (80) respondents from the different municipalities of Ilocos Norte were involved. A quantitative research design was utilized using the descriptive-correlational approach. Findings revealed that FSIs are adults, predominantly male, and graduates of engineering programs. Various training was undertaken; however, others lacked training. The FSIs are junior officers who are new to the service. They have moderate capability to implement the provisions for fire safety of hazardous materials. There is no statistically significant linear relationship between the profile and respondents’ levels of knowledge and implementation of fire safety and hazardous materials.
Senior High School Behind Bars: Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) in the Alternative Learning System (ALS)
liberty (PDL) participating in the Alternative Learning System (ALS) within a senior high school setting behind bars. Employing a phenomenological research design, the study sought to capture the complex perspectives, motivations, and challenges faced by incarcerated individuals pursuing education. Data were collected through unstructured interviews with five (5) selected PDLs enrolled in the ALS program, which provided a platform for them to articulate their experiences and emotions freely. Thematic analysis revealed three interconnected themes: Driven by Passion and Perseverance, Achieving Academic Milestones through Support, and Future Dreams and Their Ripple Effect. Participants expressed profound gratitude for educational opportunities, resilience in overcoming challenges, and a clear vision for contributing to society post-incarceration. Family support and institutional resources were crucial in empowering them to achieve academic milestones. This study highlights the transformative power of education within correctional facilities, advocating for greater access to educational opportunities as a catalyst for rehabilitation and societal reintegration. Future research should explore the long-term outcomes of such educational programs and the role of mentorship in enhancing the educational experiences of incarcerated individuals.
Breaking Through the Imprisonment of the Glass Ceiling: Stories of Female Wardens
Gender socialization and the “glass ceiling” continue to impact female advancement in correctional leadership. While research exists on general correctional staff, there is a significant gap regarding the lived experiences of female jail wardens in local contexts. This study aims to explore the narratives and professional experiences of female wardens within the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) to understand their professional journeys and personal challenges. Utilizing a qualitative narrative inquiry design, researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with purposively selected female wardens in Negros Occidental, Philippines. Data were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis to identify core experiences and leadership strategies. Findings revealed six major themes: Path to Service, From Struggle to Courage, Adoption is Excellence, Learning is Everyday, Women’s Empowerment, and A Working Mother’s Love. The results indicate that these women often entered the service through unexpected paths and faced significant hurdles, such as language barriers, geographic isolation, and the complexities of managing male-dominated environments. A primary challenge identified was the struggle to balance demanding 24-hour professional duties with the responsibilities of single parenthood. The study concludes that success in correctional leadership for women requires immense resilience, adaptive communication, and empathetic leadership. The findings suggest a need for institutional support systems, including flexible work arrangements and mental health resources, to accommodate the unique challenges faced by female wardens, particularly those managing dual roles as primary caregivers.
Public Service Motivation Among Female Criminology Students in a Private University
Abstract This quantitative descriptive study assessed public service motivation and levels among 288 female criminology students enrolled in a private university during the academic year 2024-2025. Guided by Perry and Wise’s (1990) Public Service Motivation (PSM) Theory, the study examined intrinsic motivation and ethical values in relation to demographic factors, such as age and year level. Using stratified sampling, data were collected with a validated and reliable instrument adapted from Perry’s Motivational Scale, which measured constructs such as policy-making, civic duty, compassion, and self-sacrifice. Findings revealed that the students exhibited exceptionally high motivation levels, with no significant differences based on age or year level. Younger students displayed more enthusiasm for initiating societal change, while older students demonstrated a more mature understanding of their roles in criminology. The results underscored respondents’ shared commitment to core principles of public service and social justice, suggesting intrinsic values and the criminology curriculum’s influence as pivotal factors. The study concluded that age and year level do not significantly affect motivation levels, emphasizing a universal drive among female criminology students toward societal welfare. Recommendations included enhancing the criminology curriculum to incorporate experiential learning, sustaining motivation through mentorship programs, and leveraging these findings for recruitment and outreach initiatives. Future research should explore factors influencing sustained motivation and its evolution post-graduation to further support student development and professional success.
Empowering Security Professionals: Exploring Lived Experiences and Aspirations in Current Training Programs
Security professionals are often the first line of defense against threats such as terrorism, cybercrime, and organized criminal activities. Despite their critical function, however, there remains a growing concern over the adequacy of current training programs in preparing them for the complex demands of modern security environments. This study has aimed to explore the lived experiences and aspirations of private security professionals in the current training program. This study employed a descriptive-phenomenological design to explore the lived experiences and aspirations of security professionals regarding current training programs. Colaizzi’s thematic analysis was utilized to treat the data from the informants’ significant statements—six (6) private security guards or private security professionals and four (4) training instructors—to identify patterns, themes, and significant insights from the transcribed interview data. The findings revealed that the training is predominantly viewed as practical and directly applicable to real-world security duties, fostering essential skills, knowledge, confidence, and professionalism. Conclusion: The lived experiences of security personnel within the current training programs offered by private security training agencies are overwhelmingly positive.
Adherence to Human Rights-Based Policing (HRBP) of Police Personnel: Community Perspective
This study evaluated community perceptions in Laoag City regarding police adherence to human rights-based policing and the factors driving potential violations. Using a descriptive-quantitative design, data were collected from 158 community members via a survey grounded in the PNP Human Rights-Based Policing (HRBP) Manual. Results indicate that officers are perceived to “always” adhere to human rights standards; however, while compliance with internal police procedures was rated highest, adherence to international human rights standards was notably lower. Despite these positive marks, the study identified significant personal, professional, and social stressors that influence the likelihood of misconduct. Notably, professional factors exerted the strongest influence, with the inability to exercise maximum tolerance emerging as the sole “highly influential” factor. These findings suggest that while a commitment to human rights exists, systemic gaps in training, supervision, and accountability remain. The study concludes that multi-level interventions, including institutional reforms and sustained community engagement, are vital to bridging the gap between policy and practice.
Assessing the Implementation of the Anti-Violence Against Women and Children (AVAWC) Programs in a Municipality of Cagayan
Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children (AVAWC) programs of the Tuao Police Station. Specifically, it aimed to determine respondents’ perceptions of the implementation and satisfaction with the information drive programs, as well as stakeholders’ capacity building. Additionally, the study identified common problems encountered in the implementation of these programs, providing insights into areas for improvement and ensuring the effectiveness of the station’s efforts in addressing violence against women and children. It used a mixed-methods approach. The participants included 32 barangay officials, 64 community members, and four Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD) personnel, selected through purposive sampling and total enumeration. Data collection adhered to ethical protocols, including coordination with relevant agencies and a structured process for survey distribution and retrieval. Data analysis used weighted means and hematology analysis. Findings revealed that the AVAWC information drive and stakeholder capacity building were categorized as Implemented. Their level of satisfaction with the AVAWC programs of Tuao Police Station is satisfactory. Strengthening program components, particularly in the information drive and capacity-building initiatives, could lead to higher satisfaction levels and greater community engagement in combating violence against women and children.
Grit and Emotional Regulation Strategies among Northern Samar Police Officers
This study examined the relationship between emotional regulation strategies and grit among police officers in Northern Samar for the Calendar Year 2024. Specifically, the study determined the respondents’ personal and professional profiles in terms of age, sex, civil status, education, years of service, and rank; level of emotional regulation in terms of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression; level of grit across courage, belief, persistence, and passion; the significant relationship between emotional regulation and grit; emotional regulation difficulties faced by the police officers; and the proposed intervention program to improve their grit and emotional regulation of police officers. The study employed a descriptive- correlational research design. The Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to measure grit and emotional regulation strategies. Data were gathered from 156 police officers in Northern Samar and analyzed using Frequency and Percentage, Weighted Mean, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that police officers showed a high level of cognitive reappraisal and a moderately high level of expressive suppression. They also demonstrated a high level of grit across all four facets; persistence scored highest, followed by courage, belief, and passion. Significant correlations were found between emotional regulation and grit components, particularly between cognitive reappraisal and courage and between expressive suppression and both courage and perseverance. The study found that emotional control helps police officers stay strong and focused.
Societal Perception on Domestic Violence Against Men
The phenomenon of domestic violence is a prevalent societal concern that impacts individuals irrespective of their gender—making significant advancements in the acknowledgment and mitigation of violence against men. However, the cultural understanding of domestic violence perpetrated against males remains an issue that has received limited attention and exploration. This research, conducted within the Philippine setting, seeks to provide insight into the prevailing preconceptions, prejudices, and attitudes that influence public discourse and impact policy responses to domestic violence against males. It employs a mixed-method research approach, including Likert-Scale questionnaires and checklist-type questionnaires, to assess the level of awareness of domestic violence against men in various forms, such as verbal, physical, sexual, financial, and emotional violence. The research findings indicate that there is societal awareness of the diverse manifestations of violence perpetrated against males. The study further assesses the relative effect of several factors on awareness, with age identified as the predominant determinant. The study emphasizes the significance of confronting misunderstandings, promoting consciousness, and fostering a broader comprehension of domestic abuse. The argument posits the necessity of policy adjustments and legal revisions to recognize and confront instances of gender-based violence perpetrated against males, emphasizing the importance of adopting gender-neutral definitions of domestic abuse. This study enhances the comprehension of cultural attitudes towards male victims of domestic abuse, highlighting the necessity for a fairer and more holistic approach to tackling this problem and offering assistance to all victims, regardless of their gender.
Extent of Satisfaction with Security Measures Among Boarding Houses in Central Philippine State University (CPSU) Main Campus
This descriptive study investigates the extent of satisfaction with security measures among boarding houses at CPSU Main Campus, where the high density of student housing necessitates robust protocols to protect individuals and property. Using a validated researcher-made questionnaire, data were collected from 45 boarding house owners through total and complete enumeration. Statistical tools included the mean, standard deviation, and the Kruskal-Wallis test to identify differences across demographic profiles. Findings revealed that owners generally “Agree” with the current level of satisfaction regarding security measures. While safety policies, security lighting, and perimeter barriers received high agreement, satisfaction with CCTV systems remained neutral, due to financial barriers. No significant difference in satisfaction was found across various boarding house profiles. The researchers conclude that while owners find existing measures effective for daily safety, advanced security technology is underutilized. Recommendations include conducting security seminars for owners, implementing regular inspections by the CPSU Security Office, and encouraging the installation of CCTV to further enhance tenant well-being.